The compound topology of host–parasite networks is explained by the integrative hypothesis of specialization

What is the prevalent topology among interaction networks? How do consumers balance between generalism and performance when exploiting different resources? These two long-standing, still open questions have been unified under a common framework by integrative hypothesis of specialization (IHS). According to IHS, ecological structured processes at small large network hierarchical levels, from an entire its modules nodes. From those processes, patterns are expected. First, modular with internally nested modules, i.e. compound topology. Second, relationships consumer on levels. We confirmed predictions using extensive data set host–parasite interactions, compiled several studies, spanning decades fieldwork in Palearctic Region. used topological analyses combined novel protocol based IHS disentangle complexity this geographic scales, local regional. As predicted, studied indeed has both regional scales. In addition, relationship parasite changes negative positive within modules. But, as expected, shift signal versus happens only networks structure. Our results shed light central debates about provide insight into their solution.